This map shows the Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Explorer Plates off the coast of Vancouver Island. North America plate, Australia plate, Antarctic plate, Nazca plate, Filipino plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. Some parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal igneous magma chamber rocks that represent the eroded remnants of an ancient subduction zone, when volcanoes similar to those found in the modern Cascade Mountains extended southward all the way through California. The Sierra Nevada are the eroded remnants of the volcanic arc developed when the Farallon Plate subducted beneath the continent. Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. Transform boundaries exist where one plate slides past another without production or destruction of crustal material. As they were caught in the vise between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, some of the layers were so contorted that they are now in vertical orientations along the coast. When the plates suddenly let go, a massive earthquake will shake the entire Pacific Northwest, a series of tsunami waves will pound the Coast, and landslides will make it difficult to reach some of those in need. Volcanoes in national parks in the Cascades have eruptive personalities that reflect the complex magma systems associated with subduction zones. North American Tectonic Plates | Facts, Movement & Locations - Video Spreading rates vary considerably, from 2 cm/y to 6 cm/y in the Atlantic, to between 12 cm/y and 20 cm/y in the Pacific. New Guinea and the northern parts of New Zealand are part of the Australia plate. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all found in abundance. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. The western part of California (including Los Angeles and part of San Francisco) will split away from the rest of North America, and eventually sail right by the west coast of Vancouver Island, en route to Alaska. Pillow lavas form on the ocean floor where erupting magma encounters cold sea water. Is the Philippine plate convergent or divergent? The largest (locked zone earthquakes) occur where the Juan de Fuca and North American plates are stuck together, as they have been for the past three centuries. At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate in the same manner as at an ocean-ocean boundary. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. St. Helens in 1980. This plate is small. What type of plate boundaies are found between the Cocos, Nazca, and Pacific plates? What type of boundary is the Cocos Plate? Mazama, violently erupted 7,700 years ago. Most of the igneous rocks were manufactured in the ocean and are basalt. The North American Plate, for example, rotates counter-clockwise; the Eurasian Plate rotates clockwise. Produced under a Cooperative Agreement for earth science education between the National Park Service's Geologic Resources Division and the American Geosciences Institute. The spectacular pillow lavas seen on the road up Hurricane Ridge indicate that lava formed on the sea floor and was later uplifted. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges. A series of explosions and ash clouds from the peak between 1914 and 1921 represents the last large volcanic eruption within the lower 48 states prior to Washingtons Mt. Is the Nazca plate convergent or divergent? In doing so the magma is enriched in silica, because high-silica minerals commonly are the first ones to melt. This plate includes the islands that make up the Philipines and north to include parts of southern Japan. The eastern margins of North and South America and the western margins of Europe and Africa are called passive margins because there is no subduction taking place along them. Compared to the other tectonic plates in the region, the Cocos Plate is converging with the Caribbean Plate at a steady rate of about 78 millimeters per year based on data from ISCO over 10 months. There will also be continued northerly movement of Australia and Indonesia. The Cocos plate was created about 23 million years ago when a larger plate broke into two pieces. A transform plate boundary developed where the Pacific Plate was in contact with the North American Plate and the volcanism ceased in central California. By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. A by-product of the metamorphism is the release of hot fluids, especially water. For example, the North American Plate includes most of North America, plus half of the northern Atlantic Ocean. What type of plate boundary is Antarctic and Australian plate? Imagine if Mt. The caldera has partially filled with water an approximately half-scale version of the better-known Crater Lake in Oregon. Dramatic examples of these layers in tilted and contorted forms can be found in Olympic National Park and elsewhere along the coast and in the mountains. Redoubt, an active volcano in Lake Clark National Park, illustrates how a volcano can pose an unexpected hazard in our modern age and why monitoring volcanic activity is so important (see photo below). The other piece became the Nazca plate.The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate. If the seafloor rises or falls, giant sea waves (a tsunami) can form. On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. Fortunately, no one was injured. Among them are Mt. Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park partially fills the large depression formed when a composite volcano erupted and collapsed in on itself 7,700 years ago. St. Helens in 1980. This plate is moving north east towards the Caribbean and North America plates. CC BY. Between the African plate and the Indian plate Choose. For example, the Queen Charlotte Fault connects the north end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, starting at the north end of Vancouver Island, to the Aleutian subduction zone. Rainier were to suddenly and violently eruptso much that its magma chamber empties and the volcanic peak collapses in on itself. Kenai Fjords National Park Elias National Park Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. The Cocos Plate is a tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. In this region, the Cocos Plate is subducting beneath the North America and Caribbean Plates (ocean-continent convergence), and the South and North America Plates are subducting beneath the Caribbean Plate (ocean-ocean convergence). Gases may be trapped in them under high pressure. What type of plate boundary is North American and Eurasian Plates? The northern boundary of the Cocos Plate is the Middle America Trench. USGS photo. The Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic, but it does include the part of California west of the San Andreas Fault. To the north it borders the North American Plate, which encompasses the entire north of the continent. That the Atlantic Ocean rift may have occurred in approximately the same place during two separate events several hundred million years apart is probably no coincidence. Visits to coastal NPS sites in the Pacific Northwest can help us appreciate the landscapes that develop over time because of these large quakes, and learn how we are preparing our homes, communities, and infrastructure for the next Big One.. The physical landscape was an important component of the practical and spiritual aspects of Native Americans lives. Plates are thought to move along the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, as the asthenosphere is the zone of partial melting. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Mt. This plate is rotating in a clockwise direction towards the Pacific plate. One of them, Kenai Fjords National Park, lies within the accretionary wedge of uplifting oceanic sedimentary strata and hard crust. But given enough time, the Coast Ranges lift up distances we can measure, while at the same time wind, rain, and the pounding of waves wear the landscape back down. Left image The Cascadia Subduction Zone and Southern Alaska are the sites of ongoing subduction as the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates slide beneath the North American Plate. KEFJKenai Fjords National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], CRLACrater Lake National Park, Oregon[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], LAVOLassen Volcanic National Park, California[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], MORAMount Rainier National Park, Washington[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], ANIAAniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], KATMKatmai National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], LACLLake Clark National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home]. USGS photo. Parks in the Cascadia Subduction Zone dramatically display the two distinct mountain ranges the Coast Range just above where the Juan de Fuca Plate begins to subduct, and the volcanic Cascade Range farther inland, where the top of the plate is deeper. Solids and gases are also part of the mix. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. Rainier National Park. When caught between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, the pillows and other ocean layers can be lifted upward to more than a mile above sea level. What are the 4 types of plate boundaries? Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is on the Alaska Peninsula. Taiwan area is the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasia plate, which has complex interaction, attracting much attention[3033]. The Coast Range and Cascades are the two parallel mountain ranges that form the Cascadia Subduction Zone in the Pacific Northwest. Kenai Fjords National Park At 20,625 square miles (53,396 square kilometers), Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve is the largest U. S. national park six times the size of Yellowstone. Plate Tectonics and Our National ParksSite Index, Plate TectonicsThe Unifying Theory of Geology, Tectonic Settings of NPS SitesMaster List, ORCAOregon Caves National Monument, Oregon [, SEKIKings Canyon National Park, California[, YOSEYosemite National Park, California[. The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. * The boundaries that moving away . Eurasia plate, Pacific plate, Africa plate, Caribbean plate, South America plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. Which is true? Crater Lake National Park has the 9th deepest lake in the world. View the full answer. Similarly the South American Plate extends across the western part of the southern Atlantic Ocean, while the European and African plates each include part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Shasta in California, and other Cascade Volcanoes. Incipient rifting has begun along the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa, extending from Ethiopia and Djibouti on the Gulf of Aden (Red Sea) all the way south to Malawi. The southern boundary is a mid-oceanic ridge, the Galapagos Rise. Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. Poking through the mass of some of the highest mountains in North America are very young volcanoes formed by the ongoing Pacific Plate subduction. Katmai volcano did collapse, but unlike Mt. As the Atlantic Ocean floor gets weighed down around its margins by great thickness of continental sediments (i.e., geosynclines), it will be pushed farther and farther into the mantle, and eventually the oceanic lithosphere may break away from the continental lithosphere (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)). There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. Vents and fractures (also called fissures ) in these mid-ocean ridges allow magma and gases to escape into the ocean. This subduction forms the volcanoes of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, also known as the Central America Volcanic Arc. That may not seem like much, but when tens of thousands of earthquakes occur over a few million years, coastal ranges form. Two arms of the triple junction can split to form an entire ocean. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. This plate makes up all of Antarctica and much of the surrounding ocean. St. Helens, a lava dome later grew within the breached crater near the mountains summit. Along this fault, the Pacific plate is moving northwestward relative to the North American plate at an approximate rate of 16.4 feet per 100 years (5 cm/year). Find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA). About 200 million years ago a large tectonic plate (called the Farallon Plate) started to subduct beneath the western edge of North America. This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate. Plate tectonics is the theory that the crust of the earth is broken up into giant slabs of rocks that sort of fit together like puzzle pieces. Geology This subduction-subduction-transform (SST) triple junction is referred to hereafter as the NACC triple junction. The map shows the major tectonic plates that compose Earth's crust and upper mantle Arrows indicate direction of plate movement and the size of the arrows indicate rate of movement. After a terrifying free-fall that lasted 8 minutes, the pilots finally managed to restart the engines at only 6,000 feet (2,000 meters). The magma, which is lighter than the surrounding mantle material, rises through the mantle and the overlying oceanic crust to the ocean floor where it creates a chain of volcanic islands known as an island arc. Later, most of the settlers coming on the Oregon Trail continued past central Oregon and Washington to the lush farmland of the Willamette Valley and Puget Sound, the low-lying region between the two rising mountain ranges. As a result of this collision, the oceanic Cocos plate is subducted below the Caribbean along the Mesoamerican trench plate at speeds ranging from 2 in. This subduction-subduction-transform (SST) triple junction is referred to hereafter as the NACC triple junction. In central and southern California the ancient volcanoes have largely eroded away. The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Yosemite Valley and Half Dome. The Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest at a speed of between 7 and 11 centimeters (cm) or ~3-4 inches a year. Nazca plate, Pacific plate, North America plate, Caribbean plate. The triangular zone of partial melting near the ridge crest is approximately 60 km thick and the proportion of magma is about 10% of the rock volume, thus producing crust that is about 6 km thick. In her version of the Oreo cookie demonstration, the creamy filling is the layers of sediment and basalt on the ocean floor. Katmai National Park and Preserve lies where the worlds largest volcanic event of the 20th Century occurred. nazca plate and south american plate boundary type The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. Is the Cocos plate convergent or divergent? - Our Planet Today Transform boundaries where plates slide passed each other. EESA06 Module 4 Flashcards | Quizlet What type of plate boundaries is the Cocos Plate? - WisdomAnswer Western Mexico, where the young and small Rivera Plate and the adjacent large Cocos Plate are subducting beneath the North American Plate, is a unique The Cascades form above the line where the subducting plate extends to depths where it heats up, dehydrates and causes magma to form. At present, North and South America, Europe, and Africa are moving with their respective portions of the Atlantic Ocean. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). It is subducting under (that is, being forced under) the South American plate. South America plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasia plate, North America plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Australia plate. Storms coming in from the Pacific Ocean drop most of their moisture on the Coast Range and Cascades, leaving eastern Oregon and Washington high and dry. This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). Modified from Parks and Plates: The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. Half Dome in Yosemite National Park is made of granite that solidified from magma tens of millions of years ago, when a subduction zone extended along the entire west coast. But thousands of eruptions over less than a million years have built Mount Rainier and other Cascade peaks to elevations of more than 10,000 feet (3,000 meters)! Mount Rainier National Park showcases a 14,411-foot (4,393-meter) composite volcano. Puget Sound and the Willamette Valley are areas near sea level between the coastal and volcanic mountain ranges. North America plate, South America plate, Cocos plate. There is tremendous deformation of the pre-existing continental rocks, and creation of mountains from that rock, from any sediments that had accumulated along the shores (i.e., within geosynclines) of both continental masses, and commonly also from some ocean crust and upper mantle material. The Pacific Plate is the fastest, followed by the Australian and Nazca Plates. 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). The west side of California is moving north, and the east side is moving south. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Pillow basalts attest to the oceanic origins of the rock layers, as they formed from lava flows that cooled on the ocean floor. Eventually Africa will split apart. Over the next 50 million years, it is likely that there will be full development of the east African rift and creation of new ocean floor. MORB Mid ocean ridge basalt subduction zones Two parallel mountain ranges commonly develop above such a subduction zone a coastal range consisting of sedimentary strata and hard rock lifted out of the sea (accretionary wedge), and a volcanic range farther inland (volcanic arc). This plate includes all of North America, Greenland, the eastern most part of Russia, northern Japan, and the northwestern part of the Atlantic ocean. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate and the Pacific plate. The Cocos Ridge (CR), which formed when the Cocos Plate drifted over the Galapagos Hotspot (Walther, 2003) , is a bathymetric high reaching about 2 km above the surrounding seafloor and stretching about 2000 km long and 200-300 km wide across the Cocos Plate . It runs along the west coast of Mexico and western Caribbean countries. Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. The apparent line of collision runs between Norway and Sweden, between Scotland and England, through Ireland, through Newfoundland, and the Maritimes, through the northeastern and eastern states, and across the northern end of Florida. The Philippine Sea Plate. Novarupta Lava Dome Convergent boundaries, where two plates are moving toward each other, are of three types, depending on whether oceanic or continental crust is present on either side of the boundary. 11.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics - Physical Geology - 2nd Edition As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated.

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