As all initiates were bound by a sacred oath not to reveal the details of the Mysteries, they have to this day remained just that, a mystery. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Angela Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Persephone is a goddess of the Land of the Dead and sprouting grain and fruit in Greek mythology. Orphica frag. In the Eleusinian Mysteries, her return from the underworld each spring is a symbol of immortality, and she was frequently represented on sarcophagi. Persephone, the daughter of Demeter and Zeus, was the wife of Hades and the Queen of the Underworld. Her attribute was poppy and pomegranate fruit, so she was also associated with spring, flowers, life, and vegetation before becoming queen of the underworld. Two maidens, Menippe and Metioche (who were the daughters of Orion), were chosen and they agreed to be offered to the two gods in order to save their country. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Myth and Cult: The Iconography of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Corrections? Published online 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e914950. Proserpine is the Latin spelling of Persephone, a goddess married to Hades, god of the underworld. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 4.26.1. Persephone | Greek Myth Wikia | Fandom [99][100] The idea of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning. In Latin, her name is rendered Proserpina. Hesiod, Theogony 912ff. Gntner, Gudrum. [35] The Greek god Poseidon probably substituted for the companion (Paredros, ) of the Minoan Great goddess[58] 118119; West (1983) pp. [120][121], At Locri, a city of Magna Graecia situated on the coast of the Ionian Sea in Calabria (a region of southern Italy), perhaps uniquely, Persephone was worshiped as protector of marriage and childbirth, a role usually assumed by Hera (in fact, Hera seems to have played no role in the public worship of the city[122]); in the iconography of votive plaques at Locri, her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an emblem of the marital state, children at Locri were dedicated to Proserpina, and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed. Rhea-Demeter prophecies that Persephone will marry Apollo. But Zeus transformed into a snake again and had sex with Persephone, whereupon she conceived the god often called Zagreus or Dionysus Zagreus.[28]. Zurich: Artemis, 1997. They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults, and evidently they come from a more primitive religion. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In most Greek sources, such as Homeric Hymn 2, Persephone spent only one-third of the year with Hades and two-thirds with her mother. [g] Hermes is sent to retrieve her but, because she had tasted the food of the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. The matter was brought before Zeus, and he decreed that Adonis would spend one third of the year with each goddess, and have the last third for himself. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ("[the] mistress"), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated into her mysteries. third century BCE to second century CE), and the twenty-eighth is dedicated to her. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Therefore, not only does Persephone and Demeter's annual reunion symbolize the changing seasons and the beginning of a new cycle of growth for the crops, it also symbolizes death and the regeneration of life.[52][53]. In his 1985 book on Greek Religion, Walter Burkert claimed that Persephone is an old chthonic deity of the agricultural communities, who received the souls of the dead into the earth, and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil, over which she reigned. In the Roman world the goddess was known as Proserpina. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Her Roman name is Proserpine. [61] Zeus then mates with Persephone, who gives birth to Dionysus. [135] Scholar Timothy Gantz noted that Hades was often considered an alternate, cthonic form of Zeus, and suggested that it is likely Zagreus was originally the son of Hades and Persephone, who was later merged with the Orphic Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone, owing to the identification of the two fathers as the same being. [101][i], Walter Burkert believed that elements of the Persephone myth had origins in the Minoan religion. The Story of Hades and Persephone: Rape and Romance Her mythology tells of how she was abducted by her uncle Hades one day while picking flowers. Persephone was an important element of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the Thesmophoria festival and so the goddess was worshipped throughout the Greek world. [92] The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past. In Eleusis there is evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions.[90]. Homeric Hymns: The second Homeric Hymn (seventh/sixth century BCE)one of the longest and most important of the hymnsis dedicated to Demeter and tells the story of the abduction of Persephone. More rarely, she was associated with pomegranates or poppies. Cite This Work The Orphics, who called Persephone either Despoina[52] or the Chthonian Queen,[53] worshipped her primarily in connection with the Underworld. [71] Of them Aelian wrote that Adonis' life was divided between two goddesses, one who loved him beneath the earth, and one above,[72] while the satirical author Lucian of Samosata has Aphrodite complain to the moon goddess Selene that Eros made Persephone fall in love with her own beloved, and now she has to share Adonis with her. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. The Greek popular religion, THE RAPE OF PERSEPHONE from The Theoi Project, The Princeton Encyclopedia of classical sites:Despoina, Flickr users' photos tagged with Persephone, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persephone&oldid=1152093316, Pomegranate, seeds of grain, torch, flowers, and deer, Athanassakis, Apostolos N.; Wolkow, Benjamin M. (29 May 2013), This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 04:35. Persephone was often invoked on curse tablets under her Underworld title Despoina. She became the queen of the underworld after her abduction by and marriage to her uncle Hades, the king of the underworld.[6]. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/persephone/. 340 BCE). This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades, but no mother is mentioned. [95], In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with an unknown location. The combined sense would therefore be "she who beats the ears of corn", i.e., a "thresher of grain". Other attributes, such as the rooster, were more localized and tied to the iconography of specific cults. Sure enough, Helios was able to tell Demeter how Hades had abducted her daughter.[17]. In the cave of Amnisos at Crete, Eileithyia is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with Enesidaon (The earth shaker), who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon. [95] Demeter is united with her, the god Poseidon, and she bears him a daughter, the unnameable Despoina. [138] Whereas Melino was conceived as the result of rape when Zeus disguised himself as Hades in order to mate with Persephone, the Eumenides' origin is unclear.[139]. "Persephone." 8, 95678. [70] Alternatively Adonis had to spend one half of the year with each goddess, at the suggestion of the Muse Calliope. Eventually, Zeus determined that Adonis would spend part of the year with Aphrodite and part of the year with Persephone.[26]. Browse 407 persephone greek goddess photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more photos and images. Kernyi, Kroly. A recent spectacular find is the large pebble mosaic, measuring 4.5 by 3 metres from the Hellenistic tomb at Amphipolis, which again depicts the god Hades abducting Persephone in a chariot led by Hermes. 89 Bernab; Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 5.75.4; Hyginus, Fabulae 155; Hesychius, Lexicon, s.v. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 24 March 2016. [84], Sisyphus, the wily king of Corinth managed to avoid staying dead, after Death had gone to collect him, by appealing to and tricking Persephone into letting him go; thus Sisyphus returned to the light of the sun in the surface above. Frescoes in the 4th-century BCE royal tomb at Aegae (Vergina) in Pieria, Macedon show Hades abducting the goddess and explain the popular 'Tomb of Persephone' label. He then tricked Persephone into eating a handful of pomegranate seeds. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. She is unsuccessful, and Persephone ends up giving birth to one of the early Dionysuses. Persephone was born to Zeus and harvest-goddess, Demeter, and became the queen of the Underworld. Homeric Hymn 2.3, 2.77ff; cf. Persephone, like her mum, loved nature. Hades and Persephone - Greek Myth of the Seasons - YouTube She later stays in her mother's house, guarded by the Curetes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. They represent darkness and light as, if one were to oversimplify their roles, Hades is the god of death and Persephone is the goddess of life. Upon discovering that Hades had Persephoneand that Zeus himself had helped him kidnap herDemeter was justifiably furious: But grief yet more terrible and savage came into the heart of Demeter, and thereafter she was so angered with the dark-clouded Son of Cronos that she avoided the gathering of the gods and high Olympus, and went to the towns and rich fields of men, disfiguring her form a long while.[18]. The myth of a goddess being abducted and taken to the underworld is probably Pre-Greek in origin. Persephone has continued to captivate the modern imagination as the virginal yet terrifying queen of the Underworld. Persephone was not slow to notice, and in jealousy she trampled the nymph, killing her and turning her into a mint plant. But Hades had tricked Persephone into eating somethinga handful of pomegranate seedswhile she was in the Underworld. There are also the forms Periphona () and Phersephassa (). Eubuleus was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld, and his swine were swallowed by the earth along with her. Persephone. The Homeric form of her name is Persephoneia (,[11] Persephoneia). [40] At Megara, similarly, worshippers reenacted Persephones abduction by a sacred rock called Anaklthris, where Demeter was believed to have called back (anekalesen in Greek) Persephone when she passed by it during her search. The location of this mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past.[35]. (2023, March 9). Demeter arrived at the palace disguised as an old woman, where she was treated kindly by Queen Metaneira and King Celeus. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Martin Nilsson. Plato, for example, interpreted the name as she who touches things that are in motion (epaph tou pheromenou), a reference to Persephones wisdom (to touch things that are in motion implies an understanding of the cosmos, which is constantly in motion).[1]. She was her mother's greatest . As the two of them were led to the altar to be sacrificed, Persephone and Hades took pity on them and turned them into comets instead. [39] Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with Hecate's torches. Published online 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4880. [83] So entranced was Persephone by Orpheus' sweet melody that she persuaded her husband to let the unfortunate hero take his wife back. Perseus Digital Library. According to some sources, Persephone vied with Aphrodite for the love of Adonis, an astonishingly handsome mortal man. Persephone's abduction by Hades was a popular subject in Roman sculpture too, especially on sarcophagi, and continued to be so for 18th and 19th-century oil painters. [43] With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus, Persephone's time in the underworld becomes half the year. Persephone (aka Kore) was the Greek goddess of agriculture and vegetation, especially grain, and the wife of Hades, the ruler of the Underworld. Hades, the son of Cronos, was the brother of Zeus (king of the gods in Greek myth) and Poseidon (god of the sea). In Athens, the mysteries celebrated in the month of Anthesterion were dedicated to her. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. [86], When Dionysus, the god of wine, descended into the Underworld accompanied by Demeter to retrieve his dead mother Semele and bring her back to the land of the living, he is said to have offered a myrtle plant to Persephone in exchange for Semele. 407 Persephone Greek Goddess Premium High Res Photos [38] The Thesmophoria was also celebrated in other parts of Greece, such as the region of Boeotia. Persephone. Mythopedia, March 09, 2023. https://mythopedia.com/topics/persephone. [114] Poseidon appears as a horse, as usually happens in Northern European folklore. This belief system had unique characteristics, particularly the appearance of the goddess from above in the dance. [88], Socrates in Plato's Cratylus previously mentions that Hades consorts with Persephone due to her wisdom. [98] In Eleusis, in a ritual, one child ("pais") was initiated from the hearth. [82], The hero Orpheus once descended into the underworld seeking to take back to the land of the living his late wife Eurydice, who died when a snake bit her. [13], The etymology of the word 'Persephone' is obscure. [80][81], Once, Hermes chased Persephone (or Hecate) with the aim to rape her; but the goddess snored or roared in anger, frightening him off so that he desisted, hence her earning the name "Brimo" ("angry"). Cartwright, Mark. "Hermes and the Anodos of Pherephata": Nilsson (1967) p. 509 taf. Ancient Greek writers were however not as consistent as Zuntz claims.[17]. London: Thames and Hudson, 1951. [134], In Orphism, Persephone is believed to be the mother of the first Dionysus. [14][15], A popular folk etymology is from , pherein phonon, "to bring (or cause) death". Persephone | Greek Mythology Wiki | Fandom Hades found himself madly in love with her. Persephone: Queen of the Underworld - Owlcation [117], The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia, who used the dialectal variant Proserpin (). There were two sides to Persephone. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Farnell, Lewis R. The Cults of the Greek States. Zeus had hundreds of affairs in Greek mythology, almost all of which produced gods, heroes, and monsters. The Persephone and Hades myth: summary. In Greek mythology, the goddess, as wife of Hades, is the Queen of the Underworld and takes her other name, Persephone. The goddess rising symbolizes the springtime sprouting of shoots of grain from the earth. [87] On a neck amphora from Athens Dionysus is depicted riding on a chariot with his mother, next to a myrtle-holding Persephone who stands with her own mother Demeter; many vases from Athens depict Dionysus in the company of Persephone and Demeter. Persephone becomes pregnant and gives birth to Zagreus. Persephone's story actually focuses more on her mother, Demeter, and what happens when Persephone disappears.The young goddess is also the daughter and niece of Zeus, and the wife and niece of Hades when she becomes the queen of the Underworld.. Claudian: The fourth-century CE poem the Rape of Proserpina tells of the abduction of Persephone/Proserpina and her mothers search for her. Another alternate name, Despoina (Mistress), focused on Persephones role as the wife of Hades and queen of the Underworld. The Greek Myths. [55][52][53] This interpretation of Persephone's abduction myth symbolizes the cycle of life and death as Persephone both dies as she (the grain) is buried in the pithoi (as similar pithoi were used in ancient times for funerary practices) and is reborn with the exhumation and spreading of the grain. In the beginning of the autumn, when the grain of the old crop is laid on the fields, she ascends and is reunited with her mother Demeter. This poem describes how Persephone was picking flowers in a meadow when she was abductedwith Zeus' permission by Hades, the god of the Underworld and the brother of Demeter and Zeus (and thus . Persephone shared many other temples with Demeter, though she also had several temples of her own; the one at Epizephyrian Locris (a Greek colony in southern Italy) is an important example. Persephone is the Greek goddess of springtime and maidenhood, and is the queen of the Underworld. 3. Demeter then hides Persephone in a cave; but Zeus, in the form of a serpent, enters the cave and rapes Persephone. There were local cults of Demeter and Kore in Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily, Magna Graecia, and Libya. World History Encyclopedia. 152154; Linforth, Pausanias 1.14,1: Nilsson (1967), Vol I, pp. The Greek poet Aeschylus considered Zagreus either an alternate name for Hades, or his son (presumably born to Persephone). 2023. Cf. Persephone was usually regarded as the only child born to Zeus and Demeter, but both gods had children with other consorts. Persephone - World History Encyclopedia Diodorus of Sicily: The Library of History, a work of universal history covering events from the creation of the cosmos to Diodorus own time (mid-first century BCE), contains references to the myths of Persephone. [130] Many pinakes found in the cult are near Epizephyrian Locri depict the abduction of Persephone by Hades, and others show her enthroned next to her beardless, youthful husband, indicating that in Locri Persephone's abduction was taken as a model of transition from girlhood to marriage for young women; a terrifying change, but one that provides the bride with status and position in society. Persephone was the greek goddess of spring and the goddess of the Underworld in Greek Mythology. Zeus, however, did not care for Persephone, and left them both. He pursued the unwilling Rhea, only for her to change into a serpent. As a goddess of the underworld, Persephone was given euphemistically friendly names. Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. The myth of her abduction by Hades was frequently used to . These included epain (awful), which stressed Persephones role as queen of the Underworld, as well as agau (venerable), hagn (holy), and arrtos (she who must not be named). However, when Metaneira saw this, she raised an alarm. The upper register of the body shows Zeus between Persephone and Aphrodite regarding Adonis. Persephone was the daughter of Demeter and Zeus. The goddess of nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult, where the words "Mighty Potnia bore a great sun" were uttered. Learn more about our mission. Orphic Hymns: The Orphics were a Greek cult that believed a blissful afterlife could be attained by living an ascetic life. Web. [21], Persephone also featured in the myths of a handful of heroes and mortals who descended to and returned from the Underworld. [c], In mythology and literature she is often called dread(ed) Persephone, and queen of the underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. Nowadays, Persephones name is often thought to have Indo-European origins. [100] The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar to the "megaron" of Despoina at Lycosura. Finally, as a compromise, it was decided that Persephone would be released but that she would have to return to Hades for one-third of the year (or in other accounts one-half). It is on permanent display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. [124], The Italian archaeologist Paolo Orsi, between 1908 and 1911, carried out a meticulous series of excavations and explorations in the area which allowed him to identify the site of the renowned Persephoneion, an ancient temple dedicated to Persephone in Calabria which Diodorus in his own time knew as the most illustrious in Italy.[133]. Persephone, both individually and together with other gods, was also honored through festival and ritual at numerous other sites, including Mantinea, Argos, Patrae, Smyrna, and Acharaca. Altes Museum, Berlin, Germany. Apollodorus: The Library, a mythological handbook from the first century BCE or the first few centuries CE, summarizes the myths of Persephone. Explainer: the story of Demeter and Persephone [131], It was suggested that Persephone's cult at Locri was entirely independent from that of Demeter, who supposedly was not venerated there,[17] but a sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophoros has been found in a different region of Locri, ruling against the notion that she was completely excluded. [123] Diodorus Siculus knew the temple there as the most illustrious in Italy. All Rights Reserved. Terracotta loutrophoros (ceremonial water jug) attributed to the Darius Painter (ca. [24], At least one person tried to take advantage of Persephones amenable nature. Martin Nilsson (1967) Vol I, pp. Persephone | Riordan Wiki | Fandom [78] In another version, Persephone's mother Demeter kills Minthe over the insult done to her daughter. Upon learning of the abduction, her mother, Demeter, in her misery, became unconcerned with the harvest or the fruitfulness of the earth, so that widespread famine ensued. Her cults included agrarian magic, dancing, and rituals. [16] Gnther Zuntz considers "Persephone" and "Kore" as distinct deities and writes that "no farmer prayed for corn to Persephone; no mourner thought of the dead as being with Kore." Theoi Project. Hades, living alone in the dark underworld, happened to glimpse up one summer day to see Persephone frolicking in the fields with her friends and fell instantly in love. The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin. [1] Ovid, Fasti 4.583ff. Despoina and "Hagne" were probably euphemistic surnames of Persephone, therefore Karl Kerenyi theorizes that the cult of Persephone was the continuation of the worship of a Minoan Great goddess. World History Encyclopedia, 24 Mar 2016. [61] Afterwards, Rhea became Demeter. [125] Representations of myth and cult on the clay tablets (pinakes) dedicated to this goddess reveal not only a 'Chthonian Queen,' but also a deity concerned with the spheres of marriage and childbirth. When Demeter at last located Persephone in the Underworld, she demanded that her daughter be returned. 668670. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the "plain of Nysa". [134] In the Orphic religion, gold leaves with verses intended to help the deceased enter into an optimal afterlife were often buried with the dead. The earliest mentions of this name in literature describe him as a partner of Gaia and call him the highest god. Other gold leaves describe Persephone's role in receiving and sheltering the dead, in such lines as "I dived under the kolpos [portion of a Peplos folded over the belt] of the Lady, the Chthonian Queen", an image evocative of a child hiding under its mother's apron. She becomes the mother of the Erinyes by Hades. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Whatever the exact significance, the association between Persephone and agriculture is firmly established in rituals, literature, and ancient art. In some versions, Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds. Zeus agreed but told him that the girl's mother, Demeter, would never approve. [h] Nysion (or Mysion), the place of the abduction of Persephone was also probably a mythical place which did not exist on the map, a magically distant chthonic land of myth which was intended in the remote past.[115]. National Archaeological Museum, Reggio di Calabria, Italy. Helios, the Sun, who sees everything, eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered where her daughter had been taken. Persephone: Greek Goddess of Spring & Queen of the Underworld Fossum, "The Myth of the Eternal Rebirth," p. 309. a goddess being abducted and taken to the underworld, "Nestis Meaning in Bible - New Testament Greek Lexicon (KJV)", "The Rape of Persephone: A Greek Scenario of Women's Initiation", "Hades' Newest Bride: A Remarkable Epitaph", "Life, Death, and a Lokrian Goddess. She was also associated with spring, girlhood, and marriage. Meanwhile, Demeter searched the earth for her lost divine daughter and though Helios (or Hermes) told her of her daughter's fate, she, nevertheless, continued her wanderings until she finally arrived at Eleusis. Mythology Abduction by Hades. [32] However, it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses: As a vegetation goddess, she was called:[33][35], Demeter and her daughter Persephone were usually called:[35][36], Persephone's abduction by Hades[f] is mentioned briefly in Hesiod's Theogony,[38] and is told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. In other sources, it was Hades who negotiated the release of Theseus and Pirithous; sometimes, it was said that only Theseus was allowed to return, or, alternatively, that neither Theseus nor Pirithous was allowed to return. Daughter of Demeter. By many, she was also known as Kore (the Maiden), the Greek goddess of spring. Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Pallas, daughter of Triton, as the Homeric Hymn says, in a field when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth. Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens, 1992. Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter in Greek mythology, appears in films, works of literature, and in popular culture, both as a goddess character and through the symbolic use of her name. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [44] It was explained to Demeter, her mother, that she would be released, so long as she did not taste the food of the underworld, as that was an Ancient Greek example of a taboo. For example, she allowed the prophet Tiresias to keep his reasoning and prophetic abilities even in death. Aristophanes: The comedy Women at the Thesmophoria (411 BCE) parodies the Thesmophoria festival, celebrated at Athens in honor of Demeter. Persephon). [85], When Echemeia, a queen of Kos, ceased to offer worship to Artemis, the goddess shot her with an arrow. Persephone rarely appears in art before the 6th century BCE, and then she is usually shown with Demeter; often both wear crowns and hold a torch, sceptre, or stalks of grain. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain". But in some Roman sources, she divided the year equally between her two homes (Ovid, Fasti 4.614, Metamorphoses 5.564ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 146). Hades and Persephone: The Abduction Goddess of Spring and Queen of the Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. The most important festival of Persephone and Demeter, the Thesmophoria, was celebrated by married women throughout the ancient Greek world. The Homeric Hymn places it in Nysa, an ancient city in Asia Minor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. When Persephone found out, she jealously trampled Minthe and turned her into a plant: garden mint.[27]. Please support World History Encyclopedia. In this guise, she was seen as a protectress in the after-life, although Hesiod repeatedly describes her as 'dread Persephone' in his Theogony. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. London: Spottiswoode and Company, 1873. Inscriptions refer to "the Goddesses" accompanied by the agricultural god Triptolemos (probably son of Gaia and Oceanus),[116] and "the God and the Goddess" (Persephone and Plouton) accompanied by Eubuleus who probably led the way back from the underworld. As well as the names of some Greek gods in the Mycenean Greek inscriptions, names of goddesses who do not have Mycenean origin appear, such as "the divine Mother" (the mother of the gods) or "the Goddess (or priestess) of the winds". 474.13, 475.15, 488490.1 Bernab. [104] An image plate from the first palace of Phaistos seems to depict the ascent of Persephone: a figure grows from the ground, with a dancing girl on each side and stylized flowers all around.

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