ii. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). McCrossin and Roy12 described the overall correlation between refractometry and hydrometry as good. In studies comparing refractometry with reagent strips, several researchers have suggested that reagent strips are an acceptable alternative to refractometry,1315 whereas others have concluded that they are not.12,1619 Although these findings are contradictory, the interclass Pearson correlation coefficients reported in these previous validity studies might not be the most appropriate statistical approach to use when comparing 2 methods of measurement.20,21 Furthermore, none of these authors assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, or reagent strips. Swirl the urinometer slightly as it is inserted.make sure the instrument floats freely away from the sides of container. (7, 8, and 9). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal What is the difference between a Refractometer and a The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. 8600 Rockville Pike Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Disposable pipet. Acute dehydration is a significant health risk and can lead to heat stroke and death. Urinometer The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip Advantages. Image 3: The image shows the proper way of collecting a urine sample. Furthermore, we did not determine if the urine samples contained glucose or protein. If the container being used to hold the sample isn' Hydrometers are notorious for not being accurate or consistent. WebRefractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. WebThis study was designed to provide data to determine if the reagent strip and the refractometer were interchangeable for measuring urine specific gravity in pediatric Using a variety of statistical approaches (analysis of variance, intraclass correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots, and the calculation of false-positive and false-negative readings), we found that neither hydrometry nor reagent strips was a valid measure of urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. Saline Refractometer is the way to go. Urinometer What are the benefits of a refractometer? If you want to brew beer at home or even go pro, youll need a hydrometer; theres no doubt about that. Another possible source may be variation in the biuret reagent mixture and assay conditions. The calculated 95% limits of agreement indicate that, for 95% of observations, hydrometer values will be 0.004 less than or 0.008 greater than refractometer values. First, a sample of the test fluid (purple) is put on the face of a glass prism (gray) of a known refractive index. Three certified athletic trainers and one athletic training student who were experienced in refractometer, hydrometer, and reagent-strip measurements served as testers. Easy to interpret; Cost-effective; The analysis can be done in just a few minutes of collecting urine. Spectroscopy is the study of light. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Where Vi is the input voltage, Vo is the output voltage and Vf is the feedback voltage. The specific gravity can be measured by a. Urinometer : less accurate method. National Library of Medicine Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. doi: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-11. Research to assess the validity of hydrometry and reagent strips compared with refractometry to determine urine specific gravity has provided mixed results. For refractometers or urinometers, it is necessary to subtract 0.003 for every 1 g/dl of protein in urine to be accurate. How repeatable are the measurements for each method? Testing was done before the start of the wrestling season, and subjects had not exercised within 24 hours of testing. During preparticipation physical examinations, athletic trainers identified collegiate football players and monitored hydration status (n = 69 samples) during preseason practices. All specific-gravity measurements were read to the nearest 0.001 specific-gravity unit. How might one measure the specific gravity of urine? We thank Sharon Birch for her statistical expertise and Michael Cantele, Joseph Donolli, and Kristin Petrovia for their assistance in data collection. Term. Hence, before undergoing urinalysis, you have to inform your doctor if you are taking a particular supplement or if you are under a maintenance drug. Gounden and Newall14 compared results using reagent strips with 2 refractometers in 12 normal subjects and reported correlations of .906 and .911. - R. = comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution. Place a small amount of liquid (usually 25 drops) on the prism and secure the cover plate. D=m/v=mass/volume. Not sure if I'll ever use it again, since it does require such a large (compared to a refractometer) sample to get a reading. Combination of an Axicon Fiber Tip and a Camera Device into a Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor. Urinalysis consists of three things: physical, chemical, and microscopic. A urinalysis or urine test is a non-invasive procedure to check for the composition of urine, which is helpful in detecting some types of medical conditions like diabetes, urinary tract infection, and kidney-related diseases, to name a few. N Z Vet J. rhamilton Well-Known Member. A spectrophotometer is a machine used to determine the absorbance of light at any given wavelength. An official website of the United States government. Advantages: B. REFRACTOMETER principle is Refractive Index or RI. Urine with low specific gravity can be a sign of diabetes or kidney problems. For women, the labia should be spread and cleaned from front to back. Sensitivity and specificity of the hydrometer were 88% and 67%, respectively. Refractometer. Alfredo Mendiola 1907 Of. Refractometer The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells. Free Laboratory Science Flashcards about Urinalysis Chapter 3 Coolant refractometers often have a readout that can also be used with car battery fluid to indicate battery condition. The block diagram of the harmonic oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback network. Sample problem: The urine sp/gr is determined using urinometer at 26C and read 1. Urine samples were collected between 1:00 PM and 3:00 PM Greenwich Mean Time and analyzed immediately. If the measurements using the 2 devices are comparable, the differences on the plot should be small and centered on zero. Substances are put into cuvettes that are glass or quartz containers that light can easily travel through. Refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips are commonly used to assess urine specific gravity. If the specimen is cold, 0.001 must be subtracted from the reading for every 3 degreeC that the specimen temperature is below the urinometer calibration temperature.Conversely, 0.001 must be added to the reading for every 3degreeC that the advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. Although some researchers have suggested that glucose15 or protein13 may affect urine specific-gravity measurements with reagent strips, others have concluded that reagent-strip measurements are not affected by the presence of glucose13,18 or protein,18 as discussed previously. 2001;30(1):16-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2001.tb00250.x. disadvantages: This test requires the collection of urine (which is sometimes difficult) and the purchase of a Click to see full answer. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Hydrometer measurements were consistently greater than refractometry measurements (mean difference = 0.002 0.003) (Figure (Figure1).1). Refractometer: determines the concentration of the dissolved particles in the specimen by measuring the refractive index. Refractometer. Drops of urine are examined under the microscope to check for the following: Your email address will not be published. While analog handheld refractometers require an external light source for measurement, digital refractometers use light from an internal LED light source. Reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips was assessed between trials and among testers. 2021 May;33(3):611-614. doi: 10.1177/1040638721998295. Specific gravity of urine fluctuates with the concentration of dissolved substances contained in the sample. (2) Both methods were compared and a table for converting refractometer values to urinometer values is given. McCrossin T, Roy LP. Urine samples greater than 60 mL were measured in an Assistant Urinprober hydrometer (model 242; Sondheim/Rhon, Germany), which is graduated in intervals of 0.001 units with a scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.060. Refractometers are used to measure the quantity of sugar dissolved in water. 402 Los Olivos, Lima. disadvantages of Urinometer. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. First, it There are several advantages to using a refractometer instead of a hydrometer, especially in that the refractometer does not suffer from many of the same shortcomings of the hydrometer. Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. government site. Why is Measuring the Basically, light is passed through a very small sample of wort and the extent to which that light refracts (bends), called the refractive index, allows us to predict the amount of sugar in our wort. Popowski LA, Oppliger RA, Patrick Lambert G, Johnson RF, Kim Johnson A, Gisolfi CV. This device is beneficial for those that use protein, gelatin-based glues. 3 Which is better hydrometer or refractometer? Refractometers are fast, simple, no need to bring down to calibrated temps. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Advantages and disadvantages of methods available for Trial-by-tester interaction for refractometer. Some that may require a more precise measurement where as others may not need such accurate measurements. The N-MULTISTIX 10 SG Reagent Strips (Miles Laboratories, Inc, Elkhart, IN) have a specific-gravity scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.030, with color blocks in intervals of 0.005 units. Each tester measured the specific gravity of each urine subsample in the following order: reagent strip, hydrometer, and refractometer. Variability among four refractometers for the measurement of urine specific gravity and comparisonwith urine osmolality in dogs. There are several advantages to using a refractometer instead of a hydrometer, especially in that the refractometer does not suffer from many of the same shortcomings of the hydrometer. If you are using a dipstick, make sure you dip the stick briefly and completely. Urine samples less than 60 mL were measured in a smaller Assistant Urinprober hydrometer (model 248), which is graduated in intervals of 0.002 units with a scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.060. We calculated a 3 2 4 (method trial tester) repeated-measures analysis of variance for significant mean differences in urine specific-gravity measurements among methods, trials, and testers with alpha set at P < .05 and followed up with Scheff post hoc comparisons. It can be done through the following ways: Image 4: A urine testing strip using a dipstick. This ratio varies directly with the number of dissolved particles in urine and, as such, varies similarly with the specific gravity of urine. Disadvantages. The most efficient way of determining concentration is to prepare a set of standard solutions of known. What are the advantages of using a refractometer instead of other WebDescription. A standard laboratory thermometer measured urine temperature at the time of assessment. The sensitivity of a test indicates how well a test finds disease positives (ie, those with the condition, such as dehydration). Home. Hydrometer (1.018 0.006) and reagent-strip (1.017 0.007) measurements were significantly higher than refractometer (1.015 0.006) measurements. Urine specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water. Picture Source: encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. Refractometer advantages: Definition. Method Trial and Tester Trial Interactions (Mean SD). A weak statistically insignificant correlation was established between the midget urinometer (r=0.133, p< 0.142) and OSM. The dotted line represents zero difference between the 2 methods and the 2 solid lines 2 standard deviations of the difference between methods. Bookshelf Only the refractometer should be used to determine urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers during the weight-certification process. What are the advantages of refractometry? This is a health risk for the wrestler, which is the very situation the NCAA was trying to prevent with the establishment of the new wrestling rules. 33. disadvantages: This test requires the collection of urine (which is sometimes difficult) and the purchase of a specific apparatus for measurement. Discuss the correction needed to compensate for high molecular substances as glucose or protein in determining the no need to correct for temp The amplifier is used to amplify the signals and that amplified signals are passed through a feedback network and generates the output. Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus: Definition. Future research is warranted to assess whether a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 as selected by the NCAA is an appropriate cut-off value to indicate euhydration. A table that converts index of refraction to serum water concentration can be used to convert electrolyte concentration from mmol/L of serum to mmol/L of serum water, a more accurate indicator of effective electrolyte concentration. Each substance will have a different boiling point due to its intrinsic properties and from that, we will be able to determine the purity of different products as we evaporate off the next level of product. A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine to the density of water. It was calibrated with distilled water before use. What units does a refractometer measure? False positives (pass refractometer, fail other method) occurred with both hydrometry (47/168, 28%) and reagent strips (25/168, 15%). Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. This study sought to validate clinical measures of urine concentration against the criterion standard, urine osmolality. It might not always yield to accurate result as urine test using a test strip is time-sensitive. 2021 Mar 30;93(12):5248-5258. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00203. Measuring urine S.G. A refractometer is an instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid. The original and final readings are both needed in the same calulator. Refractometer Clinical Refractometer measures urine specific gravity, or gives the refractive index in seconds. Before National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Rules Committee. Result turnaround time is normally 24-48 hours, or longer, depending on proximity to major urban areas. Subjects were not given any special instructions concerning fluid consumption before testing. Brandon CA. Example Sentences: (1) There is no correlation between the relative supersaturation of CaOx and the SG-determination ( urinometer, test stick). Best answer . Accessibility Place a drop of urine on the glass plate and close the flap. It has been suggested that, when multiple tests are given for the same variable, intraclass correlation coefficients should be used.20 Furthermore, Bland and Altman21 have proposed that the best statistical approach when comparing measurement devices is the Bland-Altman plot. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 5,7 The advantages of refractometric USG are that it can reliably and immediately be determined from a droplet of urine, using a simple and inexpensive urinary refractometer that reflects the concentration of a urine sample. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Refractometry brings several benefits as an analytic modality: Instruments are simple and relatively inexpensive, measurement is rapid, and quantitation is highly accurate. You have to compare the color in the test strip to the reference for color changes on the plastic bottle container. Make sure there are no bubbles. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The urine should be collected first thing in the morning. What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a urinometer?-A refractometer determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index. A spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a specified wavelength which passes through a medium. Web measuring urine osmolality has many advantages (Table 1). Fully automated urine chemistry analyzers often use an onboard refractometer to obtain a specific gravity reading. A recorder wrote down the specific-gravity measurements on the data sheets so that testers could not compare the values of the measurements. Refractometers also can be used to calculate serum water concentration. No significant difference was found between the devices. Refractometry brings several benefits as an analytic modality: Instruments are simple and relatively inexpensive, measurement is rapid, and quantitation is highly

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