In phase I, rats were randomized into 3 groups of 3 rats per group. Despite the use of Justicia carnea and other reported scientific studies, there are no reports on its effects on the major organs of the body. 3 . J Nat Prod 1988;51(3):599-600. Deleting this collection CANNOT be undone. Justicia carnea is amedicinal plant used widely in Nigeria which is reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. J Afr Ass Physiol Sci. A., Bezerra, G. A., Matos, F. J., and Viana, G. S. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activities of Brazilian medicinal plants containing coumarin: a comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:61827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.005. Mukinda JT, Syce JA. Justicia carnea is a popular ornamental plant, which possesses powerful medicinal values. Blooming from early summer to fall, the flowers are attractive to hummingbirds and butterflies. Filed in Biochemistry Project Topics, Current Projects by TMLT Editorials on September 22, 2020. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. What this means is that aside fighting anemia, justicia carnea leaves also improves your cardiovascular health by suppressing the tendency for dyslipidemia. 2005;102(2):197201. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. In this article i will take you through the nutritional and medicinal benefits of justicia carnea. Radhika J, Sathya S, Jothi G, Japasheba JL. In-vivo studies have revealed that radicals produced from these dietary antioxidants are constantly regenerated back to their active form by GSH in the ascorbate glutathione cycle. According to acute toxicity grading standards, LD50 of substances greater than 5000mg/kg is practically considered non-toxic [22, 23]. PubMed Central To create additional collections, you must be a paid member of our site. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Background: Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant used widely in Nigeria which is reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. leaf inhibits interferon-γ secretion and has bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Significant (P<0.05) decrease observed in liver total protein of rat administered with 1200mg/kg of extract could be due to intrinsic factors in-vivo that might not necessarily indicate adverse reaction of the extracts. https://doi.org/10.35841/biomedicalresearch.30-18-666. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2010;4(8):6804 https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR09.487. 1.3.1 Aetiologyof Anaemia Anaemia may be due to a single factor such as a nutritional deficiency or multifactorial (McEvoy, 2013). Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. It is obvious that Justicia carnea has potential antianemic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and immune-boosting properties. This study has confirmed the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf and validates its conventional use as blood booster. Where, A=absorbance, TV=total volume, SV=sample volume, =extinction coefficient, TP=total protein. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1901. With exception of low doses that showed normal morphology of the hepatocyte and sinusoid that is not infiltrated, high doses of extract greater than 500mg/kg showed mild fat congestion in the central venules with liver parenchyma showing area of hemorrhage compared to the control. Effects of ethanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea on serum SOD Research reports it isn't capable of . Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, -amylase inhibition, binding Keep the soil moist, but not waterlogged. PDF Biomedical Research 2019; 30 (4): 645-654 ISSN 0970-938X - Allied Academies CAS 2016;5(1):6270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.006. This amazing, Coriander seeds as well as the leaves are widely used as spices in flavoring foods and drinks, and, Cashew leaves: health benefits and side effects of Anacardium occidentale, Fig leaves tea: Amazing benefits and best recipes, Negro pepper: 12 health benefits of uda seed and side effects. Ewe eje can increase blood count and volume. The LD50 of extract was greater than 5000mg/kg body weight. Section of livers and kidneys were excised and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathology examination. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. 2008;108(9):14807. African J Plant Sci. It is also known as Jacobinia carnea, and is a part of the Acanthaceae family along with the Aphelandra squarrosa (Zebra plant) and Crossandra. View abstract. In the kidney, SOD and MDA level were indistinguishable compared to the control except SOD level in rats that received 800mg/kg JCEE that reduced significantly (p<0.05). Nutritional Composition of Ewe eje (Justicia carnea leaf). The blood stimulating effects could be due to the presence of dietary bioactive constituents that stimulate activities of haematopoietic cells and stabilization of blood in circulation [21]. (2017). Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. Part shade is the ideal growing condition for Brazilian plumes. This claim have not been verified. Ogbe RJ, Adoga GI, Abu AH. 2015;6(7):265270. When properly cooked with water, the leaf resembles blood, and when milk is added, it turns pink. Safety assessment of oral administration of ethanol extract of, $$ \mathrm{Total}\ \mathrm{protein}\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \frac{\mathrm{Absorbance}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{sample}}{\mathrm{Absorbance}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{standard}}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{Concentration}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{standard} $$, $$ \mathrm{Catalase}\ \mathrm{activity}\ \left(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{ml}\right)=\kern0.5em \frac{\Delta \mathrm{A}/\min \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TV}}{\upvarepsilon \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{SV}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TP}} $$, $$ \mathrm{SOD}\ \mathrm{activity}\ \left(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{ml}/\mathrm{mg}\ \mathrm{protein}\right)\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \frac{\Delta \mathrm{A}/\min \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TV}}{\upvarepsilon \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{SV}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TP}} $$, $$ \mathrm{Concentration}\kern0.5em \mathrm{of}\kern0.5em \mathrm{reduced}\kern0.5em \mathrm{GSH}\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \frac{\left(\Delta \mathrm{A}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TV}\right)}{\left(\upvarepsilon \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{SV}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TP}\right)} $$, $$ \mathrm{Malondialdehyde}\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \frac{\left(\mathrm{A}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TV}\right)}{\Big(\upvarepsilon \kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{SV}\kern0.5em \times \kern0.5em \mathrm{TP}} $$, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00234-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.013, https://doi.org/10.3109/08860220903367585, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000196, https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJPS/article-full-text-pdf/6AA410310867, https://doi.org/10.35841/biomedicalresearch.30-18-666, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.011, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0104-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.02.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.06.430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0760-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. While not necessary, prune the justicia (plant) freely to maintain the desired shape and size. This leaf replenishes your blood supply immediately. Justicia pectoralis is a flowering herb that grows in tropical areas of the Americas, including South and Central America. These animals were obtained from the animal house of the Department of Chemical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria. They can easily tolerate acidic to slightly alkaline sandy, loamy, and clay soils. The concentration of reduced glutathione content of the tissues was estimated according to Sedlak and Lindsay [19] method. Braz. No observable focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli, capsular spaces around the glomerulus appears normal with distinct layering of renal microcellular structures. Different researches performed on wistar rats has proven the non toxicity of justicia carnea. Note: A=change in absorbance, TV=total volume, SV=sample volume, TP=total protein, =molar extinction =1.34104M1 cm1. Star Apple: Amazing Health Benefits of eating its fruits. Higher doses (>500mg/kg) of extract significantly (p<0.05) increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelet compared to the control. Cover and leave for about fifteen minutes. The leaves were able to greatly lower the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, but increased the serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. J. Pharmacogn. [1] The perennial plant is native to the Atlantic Forest ecoregions of eastern Brazil . The description of these plants has been written based on numerous outside resources. The plants cannot be propagated with seeds. Author ESA managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript with the assistant of FOA. Walters DM., Cho Hye-Youn, Kleeberger SR. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Potential Role for Nrf2. The compound responsible for this activity is lignan. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Powdered sample was extracted using absolute ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry paste of J. carnea ethanol extracts. Haematological and biochemical studies on Justicia carnea leave extract in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia in albino rats. List of various diseases cured by Justicia Betonica. Google Scholar. Cookies policy. Sinha AK. In Nigeria, the leaf of Justicia carnea is usually prepared with edible vegetables to make soup, boiled separately in water to make tea or prepared by cooking with other medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232. National Research Council. et al. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals. Liver and kidney are the main targets of toxicants because they are respectively involved in biotransformation and excretion of xenobiotics. The results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf is relatively safe, could be beneficial in alleviating hematology related abnormalities without causing adverse effects on endogenous antioxidant system. Tips on how to get rid of leaf eating caterpillar. The flowers are slightly fragrant and mostly sterile. Effects of kolaviron on hepatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetes. Privacy Diallo A, Gbeassor M, Vovor A, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Aklikokou K, Agbonon A. Summarily, experimental group shows some degenerative changes that can be termed as necrosis, some mild fibrosis and hemorrhage characterized by the presences of infiltrated red hemorrhagic and inflammatory cells. Anti-depressant-like effect of kaempferitrin isolated from Justicia spicigera Schltdl (Acanthaceae) in two behavior models in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 1988;15(8):413-417. Keep an eye out for glasshouse red spider mite and glasshouse whitefly. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Justicia Betonica. Although, medically, it is advised you see your doctor or a physician before using the leaf for medicinal uses. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of simple coumarins, 3-phenylpropionic acids and their hydroxy and methoxy derivatives. The plant is hardy to USDA Hardiness Zones 8b through 11. The plant has various other common names including: Back in the day, the Justicia flower was boiled and used to solve anemia problems. 2012; 22(1):220238; https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000196. Studies have shown that ewe eje isnt capable of causing damage to the liver. However, there have not been scientific backing on this claim, yet, from the antiviral properties of other species of justicia, it could be that this plant possess antiviral properties which is utilized in the treatment of hepatitis infection. Despite living in close proximity to this plant, many individuals may be unaware of its benefits. READ ALSO: How long does it take for Aju mbaise to work. Ewe eje isnt capable of causing any side or negative effects if consumed moderately. 2. This is attributed to the anti-hyperlipidaemic properties of the plant. Justicia carnea needs bright, indirect light to thrive. No. It is an awesome plant and worth your time and attention. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, -amylase inhibition, binding Vitamin C and E are antioxidants. CAS van Andel T., Carvalheiro LG. Once the roots have established, adjust watering to three to five days apart. Relative to the control, liver of rats treated with doses of J. carnea ethanol extract showed varied degree of hepatic injury in a dose dependent manner. The renal tubules and interstitial spaces appears distorted with presence of red inflammatory cells infiltrating the renal interstitial spaces as well as focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli with associated degeration of the glomerular membrane. Feed the soil when the cutting is new to encourage better growth. Adetuyi is a Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. 15 Amazing benefits of brocoli juice and side effects. Justicia carnea (Brazilian Plume) is an upright, evergreen shrub with large, dark green leaves, 10 in. J Ethnopharmacol. Haematoxic effects following ingestion of Nigerian crude oil and crude oil polluted shellfish by rats. The appropriate dose of Justicia pectoralis depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. Also observed is a distortion in the walls of the blood vessels (red arrow), pyknotic hepatocytes and signs of inflammation (red arrow), Photomicrographs of kidney sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (Mag. Anaemia is a common blood disorder that affects people of all ages, though people at greater risk are the elderly, young women and infants. Research reports it isnt capable of causing kidney and liver damage either but dont eat it raw. Based on estimation by World Health Organization (WHO), larger percentage (between 80 and 90%) of the worlds population especially in developing countries depends on traditional system of medicine [1, 2]. Excitedly, scientific studies have supported the traditional claims. The shrubby habit of the plant is well-suited for both containers and outside planting. Olaniyan JM, Hadiza LM, Hussaini AM, Musa BB, Abubakar SA. Justicia Carnea Leaf Benefits - Ewe eje - besthomediet Although the antidepressant activity of justicia carnea has not been studied, and so may be hard to prove its efficacy scientifically, the leaves of justicia carnea have been used in traditional medicine to treat depression and anxiety disorder. J Ethnopharmacol. Cite this article. Consequently, the effects of the extract on MDA level could indicate damage to cell membrane lipids of the hepatocyte which could result to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). All authors read and approved the final draft of the manuscript. This plant is somewhat drought-tolerant once established but looks best with regular watering during periods of extended dry weather. Whether added to garden beds or pots, the justicia (plant) adds a colorful tropical touch and are easy to grow. Exactly 1.0ml of tissues (liver and kidney) was deproteinised using 0.1ml of 10% TCA and centrifuged at 650g for 5min to obtain supernatant. We currently have no information for JUSTICIA PECTORALIS overview. Rats were further observed for extended hours of 48h to see if mortality would occur. Article CAS These compounds beyond boosting your blood concentration, thereby enhancing the transport of nutrients to various parts of the body, also boost your immune system against several infectious diseases. Create a beautiful garden with this colorful and Use our interactive toolsto design your dream garden. This requires more attention to properly document the various health benefits of justicia carnea. Decoction of ewe eje or its leaf extract can lower serum cholesterol and get rid of bad cholesterol (LDL). Kone WM, Koffi AG, Bomisso EL, Tra Bi FH. Antianaemic potentials of some plant extracts on phenyl hydrazineinduced anemia in rabbits. 34-45. This is due to the inability of the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin, which transports glucose to cells, or the inability of cells of the body to recognize insulin. Consumption of medicinal plants without scrutinizing its efficacy and safety can result in unexpected toxic effects resulting in physiology changes of different organs in the body. Ewe eje can also be used to manage abnormalities associated with anaemia and for the treatment and management of diabetics. As reported by science, Justicia carnea is composed of secondary metabolites such as: flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, saponins and tannins. 1. Tropical habitats mean constant moisture. Summer temperatures above 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 C) are perfect. Niger J Physiol Sci. Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant that is used conventionally as blood tonic from time immemorial in Nigeria. 3. Plantcaretoday.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, how to get rid of leaf eating caterpillar. Tissues were processed automatically using automatic tissue processor (Leica TP 1020) and allowed to pass through varying percentage of alcohol and absolute alcohol for the purpose of dehydration following dewaxing in Xylene for 15mins. J Med Plants Res. Toxicity studies of medicinal plants used in sub-Saharan Africa. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. In which ever condition, the blood glucose level increases abnormally. There are several claims that justicia carnea can prevent epilepsy and convulsion among children. Ewe eje or Ewe ajeri is known by the Igbo tribe as Ogwu obara. Karigidi is a lecturer in the Biochemistry unit of Chemical Sciences Department, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. This later condition is termed insulin resistance. The findings show that ethanol extracts of Costus afer and Justicia carnea could operate as main antioxidants and free radical scavengers. The absorbance was read at 412nm against the reagent blank. WBC reduced in rats treated with doses of J. carnea with significant decrease (p<0.05) in rats that received 50, 100 and 1200mg/kg body weight. View abstract. Rats were routinely observed for signs of toxicity. Oral acute toxicity study on J. carnea ethanol extract (JCEE) was carried out according to Lorke [15] method using the total of twelve (12) albino rats in two phases. The research work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Two of the most important soil considerations include fertility and drainage. Ashwagandha tea: 10 benefits, side effects and recipes, 7 interesting health facts about Black sapote fruits. The present study investigated the antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic capacities of Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract (JCAE) using -amylase inhibition model. Each rat was dissected and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture using 5mL into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for hematological analysis. Justicia Carnea leaves extract contains a rich supply of iron, riboflavin, vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B9, and B12. Medapa S, Singh GRJ, Ravikumar V. The phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Justicia wynaadensis. There are several nutritional benefits of justicia carnea leaves. International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy, Clinical Phytoscience Ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf elevated red blood cell, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and platelet count with significant increase at higher doses of extracts compared to the control. However, serious caution of the dose should be taken into consideration when extrapolating this result for human consumption. Justicia carnea does not cause miscarriage or congenital birth defects. This study investigated the in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea and its effect on antioxidant status of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Article ID 687197, 2013; p. 13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/687197. Nigeria's medicinal plant: Justicia carne (Ewe eje) - PressReader Paes-Leme AA, Motta ES, De Mattos JCP. Mr. E.S. Some people would rather chew the leaves, while others add to meals or brew into a tea (in combination with other plants). Effect of the ethanol extract of Justicia carnea leaves on the red This may be because of its hepatoprotective activity. Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Ewe eje is mainly given to persons who want a blood boost such as pregnant women, persons suffering from anemia and other convalescents. View abstract. Ethnomedical study and iron content of some medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine in cote divoire for the treatment of anaemia. While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. While vitamin A maintains good vision, vitamin B are good for cellular functions such as metabolisms and energy production, and improve brain functioning. Venancio, E. T., Rocha, N. F., Rios, E. R., Feitosa, M. L., Linhares, M. I., Melo, F. H., Matias, M. S., Fonseca, F. N., Sousa, F. C., Leal, L. K., and Fonteles, M. M. Anxiolytic-like effects of standardized extract of Justicia pectoralis (SEJP) in mice: Involvement of GABA/benzodiazepine in receptor. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nelsonia campestris in rats. The efficiency of some preexisting anti-obesity drugs was limited by several adverse effects associated with them including gastrointestinal disorder, high risk of cancer, and long-term use detrimental effects on some organs such as liver, kidney and pancreas [ 4, 8 ]. Ewe eje is an age-old herb medically proven to act as a blood tonic which can be attributed to its nutritional composition. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;70(2):151-159. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. long (20 cm), densely packed with pink to crimson tubular flowers. 16. Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant used widely in Nigeria which is reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. long (25 cm), and showy flower plumes, 8 in. The principle is based on the formation of coloured complex when protein peptide interacts with cupric ions in an alkaline medium. The antidiabetic effect of justicia is through the inhibition of-amylase and -glucosidase, the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, and also through its hypolipidemic potential. The renal effects of blood glucose-lowering plant-derived extracts in diabetes mellitus-an overview. Studies on the Phytochemical and Nutritional Composition of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Justicia Carnea and its Effect on Some Biochemical Parameters in Anaemic Rats. Contamination of medicinal plant could be as a result of contaminants (such as heavy metals, aflatoxin and pathogenic microbes) from soil and manner of herbal preparations [4]. Chariandy, C. M., Seaforth, C. E., Phelps, R. H., Pollard, G. V., and Khambay, B. P. Screening of medicinal plants from Trinidad and Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The cuttings should be placed in individuals pots and put under glass or shaded location, away from direct sunlight. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.013. Google Scholar. McCune LM, Johns T. Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptoms of diabetes mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the north American boreal forest. Kidney weight of rats treated with JCEE showed no significant difference with exception in 800mg/kg JCEE that demonstrated significant reduction. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00234-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00234-4. Anthonia OC, Ikechukwu UR, Uzoma NO, Sunday ELU. There are several scientific studies which show that the methanolic leaf extract of Justicia carnea protects the liver from toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride harmful effect on the live integrity and functions. Prevent this by spraying the leaves with water. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.011. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of Justicia carnea was used. Eyong EU, Umoh IB, Ebong PE, Eteng MU, Antai AB, Akpa AO. Treatments of experimental animals were in accordance with the Principle of Laboratory Animal Care manual guide of National Institute of Health [14] as approved by the Institution Research Ethics committee. Total protein concentration in tissue homogenates were determined using biuret method Tietz [16]. One of the symptoms of diabetes is elevated blood glucose level. Mr. K.O. In a study conducted by Onyeabor and colleagues, the leaf extract of jusiticia carnea reverses the anemic effect of phenylhydrazine on the pack cell volume, red blood cell, and hemoglobin concentrations. Control treated group showed normal micromorphological sections. Authors TSO, KOK and ESA manage experimental protocols and performed the experiments under the supervision of FOA. Beijing: Chemical Press; 2011. However, watch out for nematodes and spider mites. The non significant decrease observed in this study is in consonance with the work of Onyeabo et al., [9] who also reported no significant difference in the relative weights of liver and kidney. PDF Journal La Lifesci The perennial plant puts on a never-ending show of radiant flowers from early spring to fall. View abstract. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. PubMed By using this website, you agree to our Although, medically, it is advised you see your doctor or a physician before using the leaf for medicinal uses. Anaemia is a common blood disorder that affects people of all ages, though people at greater risk are the elderly, young women and infants. Also, remove old flowers to keep the plant healthy. When properly boiled in water, the aqueous leaf extract turns red, and when mixed with milk turns pink.

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